FISIOLOGIA DEL CORPO UMANO E NOZIONI DI PATOLOGIA E MICROBIOLOGIA

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

OST12A4

Academic Year of enrolment:

2018

Year of supply:

2018/2019

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in MIDWIFERY

Moduls:

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - 2 credits
BIOCHEMISTRY - 2 credits
GENERAL PATHOLOGY - 2 credits
MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - 1 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Second semester

Hours of classroom activity:

105

Prerequisites:

Knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, and those listed in the didactics regulation.

Objectives

BIOCHEMISTRY
To acquire to the student the basic knowledge of the laws of chemistry and of the properties of the main inorganic and organic compounds of biological interest; know and understand the relationship between structure and function of macromolecules of biological-medical relevance; know the most important human biochemical processes and their regulation.

PHYSIOLOGY
To acquire: the knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of the vital processes at the cellular level, of excitable tissues and of the different organs and systems of the human body and the understanding of the functioning of the different organs and systems and of the general mechanisms of homeostatic control under normal conditions and adaptation.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Analyze the health problems of women in their biological-sexual cycle and in particular
know what is meant by disease status and the relationship between disease status and pathological changes.
Know the physical, chemical, genetic and biological factors that contribute to the onset of diseases.
Know the fundamental mechanisms of defense of the cell, tissues, organs and organism.
Know the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms that play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Know the main types of neoplasia and the classification criteria of tumors; the molecular basis of benign and malignant tumors in humans. Know the basic stages of carcinogenesis, and understand the role of genetic and environmental risk factors.
All the above knowledge must help to understand the fundamentals of the pathophysiology to be applied to the different clinical situations of pregnant women, including obstetric-gynecological pathologies.

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
At the end of this course students should:
- be able to describe the structure and function of microorganisms;
- be able to describe the mechanisms of infectious disease transmission and pathogenicity;
- be able to describe in detail those classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common diseases.

Contents

BIOCHEMISTRY
Elements of Chemistry and Organic Chemistry. Stucture and function of Biomolecules. Enzymes. Bioenergetics and Metabolism of Biomolecules.

PHYSIOLOGY
The knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of vital processes at the cellular level, of excitable tissues and of the different organs and systems of the human body.
The understanding of the functioning of the different organs and systems and of the general mechanisms of homeostatic control under normal conditions and adaptation.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Health status and causes of illness.
Inflammation
The fever.
Classification of tumors. Chemical and viral carcinogenesis. Concept of oncogene and antioncogene.
Alpha- and beta-thalassemias.
Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation.
Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. The immune response.

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
The course provides learning in the basic principles of medical microbiology and infectious disease. It covers mechanisms of infectious disease transmission, principles of aseptic practice, and the role of the human body’s normal microbiota. The biology of bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens and the diseases they cause are covered. The course provides the conceptual basis for understanding pathogenic microorganisms and the mechanisms by which they cause disease in the human body. Classes of microorganisms of specific relevance to the common diseases will be discussed in detail.

Extended Syllabus

BIOCHEMISTRY
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
Description of Matter:
The Atom. Isotopes and Atomic Masses. Introduction to the Periodic Table. Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies. Chemical Bonding: An Overview of Chemical Bonding. Ionic Bonding. Lewis Electron Dot Symbols. Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding. Properties of Covalent Bonds, Polar Covalent Bonds. Ionic and hydrogen bonds.
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions and Chemical Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics and Work. The First and The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Entropy Free Energy. Spontaneity and Equilibrium. Thermodynamics and Life.
Enzymes: classification, kinetics, and control
Molecules, Ions and Chemical Formulas:
Chemical Compounds. Acids and Bases and Ionic Compounds. The Chemical Equilibrium: Concept of Chemical Equilibrium. The Equilibrium Constant. Factors That Affect Equilibrium. Solution Concentrations. Acid–Base Reactions. A Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums. Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Strength. Acid–Base Reaction.
Reactions in Aqueous Solution: Aqueous Solutions. The Autoionization of Water. Solubility and pH.
Elements of Organic Chemistry:
General Overview of Carbon Compounds. Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Benzene. Overview of Functional Groups: Alcohols, Ethers and Phenols. Aldehydes and Ketones. Amines and Heterocycles.
PART II: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrate: General aspects and classification. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
Lipids: General aspects and classification. Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols and Cholesterol.
Proteins: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Covalent structures and three-dimensional structures of proteins. Protein Folding and Dynamics. Hemoglobin and Mioblobin. Protein Function
Pathological Hemoglobin.
Nucleic Acids: structure, fuction and general aspects. Nucleotides and Nucleosides
PART III: METABOLISM
Introduction to Metabolism.
Carbohydrate metabolism I: major metabolic pathways and their control. Glycolysis. Citric Acid Cycle. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation. Carbohydrate metabolism II: special pathways and glycoconjugates. Glycogen Metabolism, Gluconeogenesis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Lipid Metabolism: utilization and storage of energy in lipid form. Pathways of metabolism of special lipids: β-oxidation and ketogenesis.
Protein Metabolism: Amino acid metabolism and Urea cycle.

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular physiology. Chemical-physical characteristics of the cell membrane; permeability; Passive and active transport mechanisms. Homeostasis. Definition of the concept of stability of the internal medium and regulations. Electrophysiology. Excitable tissues, excitability; Membrane potentials (rest and action); Conduction and transmission of the electrical signal; Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, receptor mechanisms; Chemical and electrical synapses; Central synapse and neuromuscular synapse. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nerve System. Motor Nervous System and Sensory Systems. Sensomotor integration. The elements of the motor system; Motoneuroni and muscles; Control of movement and posture: the spinal cord; The trunk of the brain; The cerebral cortex; The basal ganglia; The cerebellum; Associative areas of the cerebral cortex. Integrative functions of the central nervous system. Sensory information, sensory information perception; Sensory receptors and organization of the somesthesic system; Muscular System. Contractile and mechanical properties of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers; Excitation-shortening-relaxation cycle in skeletal and smooth muscle. Mechanism of muscle contraction; Muscle metabolism; Hypothalamus and Autonomous Nervous System. Hypothalamic functions and hypothalamic reflex centers. Overview of anatomy, neurotransmitters and functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System; Visceral reflexes and their integrating centers.Cardiocirculatory system. Anatomical and physiological features of the heart muscle; Excitable tissues of the heart. Excitability, automatism, rhythmicity, conductivity, contractility. Pacemaker cells and conduction system: electrical properties; ECG; Working myocardium: electrical and mechanical properties; Contractability and its regulation;
Cardiac metabolism; Law of all or nothing; Maestrini's Law - Frank - Starling; Laplace's law; Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output: measurement and regulation; Venous return; Arterial pressure: reflex and humoral measurement and regulation, short-term and long-term; Vascular compliance. Arterial pulse concept; Viscosity of the blood, laminar and turbulent motion. Law of hemodynamics: Poiseuille's law. Adaptation to physical exercise; Notes on district circles and microcirculation.Blood: Blood components and functions: transport, immunity, hemostasis and homeostasis; Chemical-physical characteristics; Blood buffer systems and acid-base balance.
Respiratory System. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation; Respiratory mechanics; definition of pulmonary and thoracopulmonary compliance; Volumes and lung capacity; Notes on pulmonary circulation; Ventilation- perfusion ratio; Exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; Respiratory adaptations; Chemical regulation of ventilation: central and peripheral chemioceptors; Nerve regulation; Hypoxia; Hypercapnia.Temperature control. Hypothalamic centers of body temperature control; Metabolic and mechanical thermogenesis; heat dispersion; Behavioral adaptations.
Physiology of Body Fluids. Indoor environment and its regulation.
Renal function. Hydro-electrolyte balance: nervous and hormonal control of the volume and electrolyte composition of body fluids: ADH and SRAA; Thirst control; The properties of the kidney: filtration, transport, secretion, reabsorption and excretion; Definition of renal clearance; Osmolar clearance and free water clearance. Concentration and dilution of urine; Endocrine function of the kidney; Renal control of acid-base balance.Gastrointestinal system. Intestinal secretions; Nerve regulation, intrinsic and extrinsic, and hormonal of the digestive functions; Properties: motility, digestion, secretion and absorption of nutritive principles; Functions of the liver and pancreas.
Endocrine system. Neuroendocrine and endocrine glands; Negative feeback; Hypothalamus and Pituitary Axis: hormones and biological effects; Thyroid: hormones and biological effects; Surrene: hormones and biological effects; Parathyroids: hormones and biological effects; Pancreas: hormones and biological effects; Hormones and metabolism; Ovary: ovarian and menstrual cycle.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY
General Etiology
Disease concept. Health status and causes of illness. Intrinsic and extrinsic diseases. Physical and chemical agents as a cause of illness. Inflammation
Causes of inflammation. Plasmatic and tissue mediators of inflammation. The cells of inflammation. Stages of the inflammatory process: the vascular phase, the exudation, the diapedesis, the stasis. Exudate and transudate: different types of exudate. The proteins of the acute phase. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Morphological aspects of the inflammatory process: angioflogosis and histoflogosis. Outcomes of the inflammatory process.
The fever
Thermoregulation. General response of the organism to heat and cold; alteration of thermogenesis; hypothermia and hyperthermia. Pathogenesis of fever: endogenous and exogenous pyrogens. Oncology
Classification of tumors. Characteristics of the normal and transformed cell. Concepts of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Carcinoma in "situ". Histogenetic classification and morphology elements of benign and malignant human tumors.
Chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis from ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. Stages of carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and tumor progression. Viral carcerogenesis. DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses associated with human tumors.
Concept of oncogene and antioncogene. Molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of "mismatch repair" and "excision repair". Role of inheritance in tumors. Tumor syndromes with autosomal dominant and recessive transmission. Models: hereditary colorectal and breast tumors, Xeroderma pigmentosum and ataxia-telangiectasia.
Pathology of the blood
Qualitative and quantitative alterations of the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Anemia: general phenomena, classification and hereditary and acquired causes. α- and β-thalassemias: genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic and genotype-phenotype correlations. Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation
The platelet, hemocoagulative and fibrinolytic phase. The main disorders of haemostasis and coagulation. The main defects of the plasma and fibrinolytic (hemophilia) phases.
Immunology
Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. The subclasses of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. The immune response. The main antigen-antibody reactions. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity diseases. Deficiencies of the immune system. RH factor. Coombs test. Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
Naming and Classifying Microorganisms.
The bacterial cell: Size, shape and arrangements of bacteria.
Structures external to the cell wall: glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbriae. The cell wall: composition and characteristics; cell wall and Gram stain; atypical cell walls.
Structures internal to the cell wall: the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm; the nucleoid; plasmids and resistance factors; ribosomes.
Bacterial metabolism: aerobic respiration; anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Bacterial division and generation time.
Bacterial spore: structure, types, sporulation and germination, and their protecting role in biocide resistance.
Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenesis: entry into the human body; adhesion, colonization and invasion; pathogenic actions of bacteria (tissue destruction, toxins); mechanisms for escaping host defenses. The main bacterial diseases.
Antibacterials and their mechanisms of action. Mechanisms of drug resistance.
Biology of Fungi: general characteristics, structure and classification. Fungal pathogenesis.
Characteristics and classification of viruses.
Virus structure: non-enveloped and enveloped viruses.
Viral replication: life cycle of viruses with animal and prokaryote hosts. The main viral diseases. Antiviral drugs.
Prions.
Hospital-acquired infection.
Disinfection, sterilization and asepsis.

Recommended Bibliography

BIOCHEMISTRY:
Samaja, Baroni. Chimica e Biochimica per le Lauree Triennali dell’Area Biomedica - Piccin
Binaglia e Giardina - Chimica e Propedeutica biochimica - McGraw-Hill
Nelson & Cox - Introduzione alla biochimica di Lenhinger - Zanichelli

PHYSIOLOGY:
STANFIELD - “Fisiologia” - 4°edizione - EdiSES
VANDER - “Fisiologia” - 2° Edizione - Casa Ed. AmbrosianaCarbone, Aicardi, Maggi – Fisiologia dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati - 2°Edizione - EdiSES
GUYTON - “Fisiologia medica” - 13° edizione - ElSEVIER

GENERAL PATHOLOGY:
Elements of General Pathology, Pontieri. Piccin. For the degree courses in Health Professions III edition
General Pathology - The essential, Rubin. Piccin
The chapters: 22 (anemias and thalassemias), 24 (hemostasis), 25 (Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system) from the text "Elements of General Physiopathology", Pontieri, Piccin. For the degree courses in Health Professions III edition.

MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY:
E. Lanciotti: Microbiologia Clinica, CEA - Quarta Ed. 2017
La Placa: Principi di Microbiologia Medica, Esculapio - Ed. XIV 2014

Teaching Methods

Teaching method: frontal lectures and material provided by the teachers

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

The exam method is an oral test designed to verify the results of the expected learning, in accordance with the educational and specific objectives of the course. The oral examination is placed at the end of the course, after having achieved the attendance to the same, according to a schedule established and published on the personal page of the student.
N.B. For Integrated Courses (exams covering more than one module or course unit) a single exam will be held and a final grade given.

Contacts/More Information

Contacts:
Prof. Erminia Carletti
By appointment, from Monday to Friday. e-mail: erminia.carletti@unich.it. Tel: 0871 5411.

Prof. Camillo Di Giulio
Student reception hours: Monday 10.00am - 1.00pm (Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Imaging – Sezione di Scienze Mediche di base e applicate - Nuovo Polo Didattico).

Prof. Maria Cristina Curia
Student reception hours: from Monday to Friday from 11 to 12 at the Nuovo Polo Didattico, Building C, Level III.
Tel: 0871-3554103 E-mail mc.curia@unich.it

Prof. Nerino Allocati
In-Person office hours: Monday – Friday from 10:00 to 13:00.
Or by appointment: Contact the professor by email: nerino.allocati@unich.it.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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