Elements of measurement theory. Random error. Systematic error. Measurement systems. Classification. Signal sources. The elementary chain of measurement. Interconnection error. Static performance. Calibration and setting. Dynamic performance. Bandwidth and phase shift concepts.
Signal sensors and transducers. Resistance thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples. Potentiometers, strain gauges and piezo-electric sensors. Force sensors. Inductive sensors. Differential transformers. Capacitive sensors. Optical sensors and transducers. Photovoltaic effect. Semiconductor transducers. Radiation thermometry. Hall effect transducers. Doppler systems. Flow measurements. Ultrasound. Electrodes for biological potentials. Measurement systems for biological physical quantities. Operating principles: electrocardiograph, echocardiograph, monitor, defibrillator, electrosurgical unit, extra body circulation machine. Electrical safety. Pathophysiological effects of electricity. Microshock and macroshock. Protection systems. Equipotential node. Isolation transformer. Outline of medical devices.
