SCIENCE OF MATERIALS

Course Sheet

Course code:

AI736

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2020/2021

Divisions:

Matricole Pari

Type of Course:

Characterising

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in BUILDING ENGINEERING

Disciplinary Sector:

Science and Technology of Materials

Is part of:

SCIENCE OF MATERIALS

Location:

PESCARA

Credits:

Programme Year:

Professor and Collaborators:

FRALEONI MORGERA ALESSANDRO

Cycle:

First semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Individual study hours:

Prerequisites:

Basic notions of chemistry and physics (high school level)

Objectives

Materials science and technology uses concepts typical of many areas of science: especially chemistry, physics and engineering to make better, more useful, cheaper and more efficient (also under the energetic point of view)
the objects that surround us.
The training objectives of the course are to provide the basis for training that allows students to understand how to operate in the field of design, innovation and development of materials production. In particular, the course will provide knowledge and skills useful for understanding the properties of the materials most used in the construction field (steels and binders), starting from the atomic and molecular structures that compose them to arrive at the main mechanical tests used to characterize them, with a focus over the general themes of energetic and resource sustainability.
D1 - Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have to know the basic chemical principles (bond energies, electronegativity differences, etc.) that underlie the properties of the materials studied, the properties (especially mechanical) of the various materials and how these are related to the their microstructure and / or chemical composition
D2 - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student will have to be able to apply the knowledge acquired by rationally evaluating the mechanical properties of various materials (or families of materials) and demonstrating that he has understood the chemical and microstructual basis of these behaviors (e.g. explaining why a martensitic steel is hard and fragile, what this depends on the microstructural point of view, and how to obtain that type of structure by means of appropriate heat treatments).
D3 - Autonomy of judgment
The student must be able to evaluate, choosing among the various possibilities, the choice of the most suitable material for the production of a mechanical or construction component
D4 - Communication skills
The student must be able, with language properties, to describe the mechanical and / or structural characteristics of the various materials treated, and to effectively communicate the physical and chemical foundations underlying said mechanical / structural properties.
D5 - Learning skills
The student must be able to interpret and use technical manuals to select components or specific applications, and to acquire in a reasoned way information on innovative materials related to the topics studied.

Contents

eneral information on Materials Science and Technology
Notes on the structure of matter and on chemical and physical bonds
Basic chemical notions (nomenclature, solutions, chemical reactions)
Crystallography and structure of solids
Defects in solids
Mechanical behavior of materials and mechanical tests useful to investigate it.
Metallic materials (steels, cast irons, non-ferrous metals)
Binders (gypsum, lime, cement, concrete)
Traditional ceramic materials
Polymers

Extended Syllabus

Introduction to materials
Classification of materials: metallic, ceramic and polymeric. Composite materials. The properties of materials: mechanical, physical and chemical. Relationship between composition, structure and properties. Atomic structure, microstructure and macrostructure. Historical notes on atomic theories. Structure of the atom. Subatomic particles. Definitions of atomic number, atomic weight and mole. Notes on the periodic table of the elements. Bohr's atom. Notes on quantum mechanics. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration. Valence electrons. Electronegativity. Octet rule.
Classification of chemical bonds: primary and secondary. Binding energies. Ionic bond: definition and examples. Simple and multiple, polar and apolar covalent bonds. Atomic and molecular orbitals. Dipoles. Mixed ties. Dative covalent bond. Metallic bond. Free electrons. Secondary bonds: permanent and instantaneous dipoles. Bridge bond of hydrogen.
Chemical compounds, molar ratios. Oxidation numbers. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds (oxides, hydrides, oxyacids, hydracids, hydroxides, salts, complexes). Acids and bases (Arrenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis). Solutions and solubility. Concentrations and stoichiometric ratios
Surfactants, micelles and emulsions. Chemical reactions, mass balances. Reversible and irreversible reactions. Activation energy and catalysts. Equilibrium law and equilibrium constants - Elements of chemical kinetics. Dissociation of compounds and solubility product
Self-dissociation of water, pH. Strong and weak acids and bases. Hydrolysis, buffers. Redox and charge balances. Electrochemical systems, reduction potential.
States of matter. Structure of solids. Ideal solids. Crystalline and amorphous solids. Concepts of order and anisotropy. Lattices and elementary cells. Lattice and molecular solids. Covalent solids. Sp3 hybridization of carbon. Structure and properties of the diamond. Carbon polymorphism. Sp2 hybridization. Structure and properties of graphite. Ionic solids. Constraint of electroneutrality. Coordination number. Characteristics of ionic solids. Metallic solids. Model of rigid spheres. Packing factor. Elementary cells EC, CFC, CCC. Solid metal characteristics. Real solids. Defects in solids. Defect classification. Point defects of physical and chemical nature. Role of point defects on the characteristics of some materials. Line defects: corner and screw dislocation. Surface defects: grain boundaries. Mechanism of solidification of a metal. Nucleation and growth. Fine or coarse grained crystals.
Mechanical behavior of materials. Elementary elastic and plastic behaviors, and their interpretation on an atomic scale. Ductile and fragile behavior. Mechanical behavior in the presence of defects. Griffith's experience. Sliding mechanism of dislocation in a lattice. Role of dislocations and grain boundaries on the ductility of metals. Hardening. Classification of mechanical tests. Notes on UNI and UNI EN standards. Tensile test. Stress-strain curve. Elasticity module. Hooke's law. Yield strength. Conventional yield strength. Breaking load. Narrowing. Percentage elongation at break. Ductility. Tenacity. Characteristic stress-strain curves. Notes on viscous behavior. Creep and relaxation. Hardness and hardness tests. Mohs scale, durometers, hammers. Hardness-resistance correlation. Resilience. Charpy's pendulum. Ductile-brittle transition interval. Notes on fatigue failure. Fatigue limit.

Materials for building

Metallic materials
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallic materials. Notes on iron. Role of carbon on the strength of steels. Definition of steel and cast iron. Solid substitutional and interstitial solutions. Intermetallic compounds. Polymorphism of iron and solubility of C in Fe. Solid interstitial solutions: Ferrite and Austenite. Regular and irregular octahedral gaps.
Cooling of steels: equilibrium and non-equilibrium microstructures. Displacement transformation from Fe-γ to Fe-α. Intermetallic compounds: Cementite. Structural constituents: Lamellar perlite. Martensite: formation mechanism and mechanical properties. Notes on the iron-cementite phase diagram. Notes on the production of steel by primary steelmaking. Blast furnace: description and operation. Cast iron and blast furnace slag. Refining of cast iron.
Steel strengthening treatments. Mechanical treatments: obstacles to the movement of dislocations. Heat treatments: annealing, normalization, hardening. Temperature A3. Hardening media. Tempering. Sorb. Surface hardening. Thermochemical treatments: cementation and nitriding. Classification (UNI EN 10020) and Designation (UNI EN 10027) of steels.
Steel classification: quality requirements, chemical composition and applications. Carbon steels and alloyed and unalloyed steels. Construction steels for general use. Designation of steels: symbolic and numerical designation. Examples of designation abbreviations. Technical standards for construction. Notes on reinforced concrete. Characteristics of steels for reinforced concrete. Weldability of steels. Prestressing technique and its main applications. Characteristics of steel for prestressed concrete. Strands.
Notes on corrosion: reaction mechanisms, factors that influence it, main forms of corrosion and protection methods. Stainless steels: composition and microstructures. Characteristics and applications of stainless steels.
Notes on cast irons: classification, strengths and weaknesses. Characteristics and main fields of application of non-ferrous metallic materials. Aluminum and light alloys. Anodized aluminum. Copper and its alloys. The patinas of copper. Uses of copper in construction.
Notes on Titanium: characteristics and main fields of application. Shape memory alloys. Titaniumchromy.

Binding materials
Introduction to binding materials. Aerial and hydraulic binders. Hydration, setting and hardening, seasoning. Pastes, mortars and concretes. Binder production scheme.
Production of gypsum: raw materials and transformations during firing. Hydration of gypsum: setting and hardening mechanisms. Characteristics of gypsum and its main fields of application. Production of aerial lime: cooking of raw materials, extinguishing of quicklime. Hydrated lime powder.
Slaked lime: production and seasoning. Made in putty. Fat and lean kicks. Factors affecting the slaughter yield. Role of sand in lime mortars. Setting and hardening of an aerial lime mortar. Bedding mortars and plaster mortars.
Portland cement production cycle. Raw material. Rotary oven diagram. Transformations during the firing of limestone and clay. Clinker composition: aluminates and calcium silicates. Fineness of a cement: granulometric distribution and specific surface area.
Hydration of calcium aluminates. Cement gripping mechanism. Gypsum as a grip regulator. Primary ettringitis. Optimization of the gypsum / clinker ratio. Hydration of calcium silicates. Characteristics of cement gel. Cement hardening mechanism. Portlandite. Mechanical resistance development. Heat of hydration of Portland cement. Problems inherent to large structures. Porosity of the hydrated cement paste. Porosity of the cement gel. Capillary porosity. Macroporosity.
Relationship between capillary porosity, degree of hydration and water / cement ratio. Powers formula: relationship between capillary porosity and compressive strength. Cements of mixture. Types of mineral additions: pozzolanic and blast furnace. Pozzolanic activity. Description of the main materials with pozzolanic activity: pozzolan, zeolitic tuffs, coal ash and silica smoke. Characteristics and applications of pozzolanic cements.
Composition of blast furnace slag. Latent hydraulic properties. Slag activation. Characteristics and applications of blast furnace cements. Natural, industrial and pozzolanic hydraulic limes: production, characteristics and applications. Standard on cements UNI EN 197-1. Types of cements and strength classes.
Other components of concrete: water, aggregates and additives. Characteristics of the mixing waters for concrete. Aggregates: origin and functions. Characteristics of the aggregates: size, shape, porosity and density. Additives for concrete: fluidifying, accelerating, retarding, aerating agents. Special concretes. High performance concrete (HPC).
Lightweight concrete (LWC). Self compacting concrete (SCC). Abrams cone test. Workability classes. Durability and degradation mechanisms of concrete. Wash-out waters. Freeze / thaw cycles. Sulphate attack. Corrosion of the reinforcement due to carbonation and chlorides. Alkali-aggregate reaction.
Notes on traditional ceramic materials
Introduction to traditional ceramic materials. Definition and Classification. Production cycle of ceramics. Raw materials: clays, thinners, fluxes, complementary materials. The structure of clays: tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Rheology of water-clay systems. Coverings: showcases and enamels. Forming techniques: pressing, extrusion and casting. Drying and firing: porous and compact paste ceramic. Bricks and tiles.

Notes on glass
Introduction to glass and historical notes. Features and applications. Glass structure and production cycle. Forming techniques. Special glass: silica glass, lead glass and safety glass.

Notes on polymers
Introduction to polymers: constitution and types (linear, branched, cross-linked; homopolymers and copolymers; dendrimers and star-shaped).
Molecular weight and degree of polymerization. Polydispersity.
Technological properties (glass transition; plastic properties; crystallization under stretching).
Main technological polymers (PE, PP, PC, PET, PTFE, PMMA, PU).

Recommended Bibliography

"Scienza e Ingegneria dei Materiali", W.D. Callister, Ed. EdiSES.
"Materiali da Costruzione", L. Bertolini, Vol. I, Città Studi Edizioni (3a ed. 2014).
Course notes

Teaching Methods

Classes via Microsoft Teams (in person if allowed by the COVID situation)

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

To date: Oral exam: three to five questions covering the topics of the carried out program.
If the COVID situation allows: A first written exam: with a grade ≥ 16: it will be possible to move to the oral exam;
Score ≥ 18: it will be possible to record the exam (or to move on to the oral one, upon choice); after the written exam with marks ≥ 16, an oral with questions on the most critical points of the written exam.

Contacts/More Information

The Professor is available to students upon previous inquiry via email, at the address alessandro.fraleoni@unich.it

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree