General Etiology. Concepts of disease and pathological state. Etiology and pathogenesis. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease.
Environmental factors of diseases
Physical agents - Diseases due to the transfer of electrical, electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical energy. Acute whole-body irradiation. Burns, hyperthermia, hypothermia.
Chemical agents – Environmental pollutants in air, water, and soil. Pesticides. Metals. Plastics. Tobacco. Alcohol. Drugs.
Biological agents - Diseases due to toxins, viruses, bacteria, fungi. Examples of diseases due to biological agents: Pyogenic bacterial infections. Salmonella typhi. Varicella-Zoster. Infectious mononucleosis. HPV. Acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Prion diseases. Recycling and Recycling and transmissible diseases.
Inflammation. Causes of inflammation. Plasma- and tissue-derived mediators of inflammation. Exudation: different types of exudate. Cells in acute and chronic inflammation. Blood count and white blood cell composition. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Differences between acute and chronic inflammations. Granulomatous and interstitial chronic inflammation. Outcome of inflammatory processes. Restoration processes and granulation tissue.
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation and fever. Thermoregulation. Causes of fever. Pathological modifications of the body temperature. Pyrogens. Morphology of the thermal curve. Types of fever: continuous, remitting and intermittent.
Diseases due to the interaction between environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Classification of the nuclear genome diseases. Mitochondrial genome diseases. Models of hereditary hemolytic anemias caused by drugs, Hb Zurich and G6PD deficiency. Atherosclerosis: pathogenesis, risk factors and prevention. Main forms of systemic arterial hypertension. Monogenic and polygenic familial hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes, characteristics and pathophysiology of common forms with polygenic and multifactorial inheritance. Outline of monogenic forms of diabetes. Obesity, definition, etiological classification, complications. Metabolic syndrome.
Immunology. Antigens and antibodies. Organs and cells of the immune system. Subclasses of T- and B-lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The complement system. The immune response. The main antigen-antibody reactions. Environmental factors, immediate and delayed hypersensitivity diseases.
Environmental factors and cancer. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Histological classification and main morphological features of human benign and malignant tumors. Stadiation. Mechanisms and ways of metastatization. Chemical carcinogenesis. UV radiation carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation carcinogenesis. Steps of carcinogenesis. Tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Initiating and promoting compounds, including drugs. Pollution and cancer risk. Recycling and cancer risk. Biological agents and cancer. Viral carcinogenesis. Tumorigenic DNA and RNA viruses. Acute and chronic transforming viruses. Oncogenes, tumor suppressors and genes responsible for the maintenance of genome integrity and for DNA repair.
Teratogenesis. Physical, chemical, biological, environmental teratogens. Teratogenesis due to nutritional deficiencies.
Pathophysiology of blood. Anemia: general features, classification, hereditary and environmental causes. Shock: etiological classification and pathophysiology.
