PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOTHERAPY

Single discipline educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

00605

Academic Year of enrolment:

2021

Year of supply:

2023/2024

Type of Course:

Characterising

Degree:

Course of Single Cycle Degree 5 years in PHARMACY

Disciplinary Sector:

Pharmacology

Language:

Italian

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Professor and Collaborators:

BRUNETTI Luigi

Cycle:

Second semester

Obligatory attendance:

Yes

Minimum hours of attendance:

Hours of classroom activity:

Individual study hours:

204

Prerequisites:

Students should already have knowledge of anatomy, biochemistry, physiology and pathology, necessary to understand pharmacology arguments, as well as they should already have studied the basis of pharmacology (pharmacokynetics and pharmacodynamics) and pharmacognosy

In particular students must already know cellular and tissue functions from courses of biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, physiology, pathology, , to understand the molecular basis of drug activities and their modifications in humans; it is necessary to know human physiology and the basis of diseases.
The following courses are preparatory to Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy:
Pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical botany
General physiology
General Pathology

Objectives

Aim of the course is to get knowledge of drugs, in particular their mechanisms of action, pharmacokynetics, adverse effects and clinical uses.
Students will get knowledge of drug interactions in physiological and pathological states, useful to work as pharmacists. In particular, students will learn general actions of drugs, pharmacokynetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy of drugs, characteristics of clinical uses of drugs, especially cardiovascular, renal, neurological, antinflammatory, gastrointestinal, hematologic, pulmonary and endocrine drugs.
All this knowledge would be useful in future practice, both in pharmacy and in research laboratories, development, production and quality control of drugs, cosmetics and food.

Contents

- AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS - CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DRUGS - DRUGS ACTIVE ON SMOOTH MUSCLE - FANS, COXIB - ENDOCRINE DRUGS

Extended Syllabus

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Mechanisms of neurotransmission. Membrane potential. Synaptic terminal. Pre- and post-synaptic receptors. Autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system. Cholinergic neurotransmission. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors: mechanisms of signal transduction. Direct cholinergic drugs: esters of choline e alkaloids. Cholinesterase inhibitors. Muscarinic e nicotinic effects. Therapeutic uses of cholinergic agonists. Therapy of poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors. Antimuscarinic drugs: atropine e derivatives, pharmacodynamics, inverse agonism and e presynaptic autoreceptor blockade. Antimuscarinic effects and therapeutic uses. Ganglioplegic drugs.
Catecholaminergic neurotransmission. Biosynthesis e metabolism of catecholamines. alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, beta2, beta3-adrenergic receptors, D1-, D2- dopaminergic receptors. mechanisms of signal transduction. Carodiovascular adrenergic effects. Extracardiac adrenergic effects. Dopamine and cardiovascular effects. Direct adrenergic agonists: phenylephrine, clonidine, isoprenaline, dobutamine, ritodrine, terbutaline. Indirect adrenergic agonists: mechanisms of amphetamine. Ephedrine. Therapeutic uses of adrenergic agonists. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists: irreversibile, reversibile, selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 e non selective. Pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse effects. Beta-adrenergic antagonists: selective beta-1 and beta-2, non selective. Pharmacological effects, clinical uses, adverse effects.
CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DRUGS
Anthypertensive drugs: pharmacokynetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity. Meccanisms of blood pressure control. Baroceptors, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, mechanisms of vasal autoregulation. Role of combinations of drugs. Diuretics in hypertension. Central and peripheral sympathicolitics. Alpha-methyldopa, clonidine, guanetidine, reserpine. Direct vasodilators: hydralazine, minoxidil, calcium channel blockers. Nitroprussiate. Diazosside. Fenoldopam. Drugs of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Control of renin production. Aliskiren. ACE-inhibitors. Sartans. Role of ACE2 e prorenin. Prorenin receptor.
Vasoactive peptides, bradikyinins, natriuretic hormones (ANP and derivatives), endothelins: biosinthesis, catabolism, biological effects, inhibitors of metabolism, receptor agonists/antagonists (ecallantide, aprotinine, icatibant, nesiritide, ularitide, omapatrilat, bosentan).
Vasodilators and therapy of angina pectoris. Physiopathology of angina. Nitric oxide: physiopathologic role. Nitric oxide donors. Nicorandil. Ivabradine, ranolazine.
Inotropic drugs: Levosimendan. Digossina. Bipiridines: inamrinone, milrinone.
Antiarrythmic drugs. Class IA: Procainamide, chinidine, disopiramide. Class IB: lidocaine, mexiletine. Class IC: flecainide, propafenone. Clas II: propranolol, esmolol. Clas III: ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol, amiodarone, dronedarone, vernakalant. Clas IV: diltiazem, verapamil. Adenosine, magnesium, potassium
Diuretic drugs. Carbonic anhydrase inibitors. Diuretics of the loop of Henle. Thyazides. Potassium sparing diuretics. Osmotic diuretics. Vasopressin antagonists.
DRUGS ACTIVE ON SMOOTH MUSCLE
autacoidS. Histamine. H1 antagonists. Serotonin. Ergot alkaloids. Triptans. Telcagepant.
Eicosanoids: prostanoids, leukotriens, isoprostanes. n-3 fatty acids

Aspirin, nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), acetaminophene. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. FANS, COXIB and cardiovascular effects.
Uricosurics and other drugs for gout: colchicine, probenecid, sulphynpirazone, benzbromarone, allopurinol, febuxostat, rasburicase
Antiasthmatic drugs.
Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
Antiseizure Drugs
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders
Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium
Antidepressant Agents

ENDOCRINE DRUGS
Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones
Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs
Adrenocorticosteroids & Adrenocortical Antagonists
The Gonadal Hormones & Inhibitors
Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs
Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis
Agents Used in Dyslipidemia
Drugs Used in Obesity

Recommended Bibliography

Katzung and Trevor, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 15 ed., McGraw Hill
Goodman & Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13 ed, McGraw Hill

Methods of Provision

Conventional

Teaching Methods

The course includes 96 hours of frontal lessons, 24 hours also included in the elective activity of Endocrine Parmacology.
Power Point presentation slides can be downloaded from the elearning web page of the course:
https://elearning.unich.it/course/view.php?id=206

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

A multiple choice 20 questions written examination is followed by an oral question and answer examination. In the multiple choice test the student must choose the correct answer among different ones. Each correct answer gets 1.5/30 points. There are no minus points for missing or wrong answers. The students will pass to the oral examination if he gets a minimum of 18/30 points. Final mark depends mostly on the multiple choice test, with possible decrements or increments of 3/30 depending on the oral test.
Ongoing multiple choice tests are run during the course to evaluate student proficiency.

Contacts/More Information

Teacher is available for any questions following each lesson

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree