Introduction: Physical States of Matter, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems. Chemical Substances and Elements.
• Atomic Structure of Matter: the law of mass conservation. Atomic Theory. Atomic properties. Nuclear Structure and Isotopes. Atomic weights. Chemical Symbols and their quantitative meaning.
• Names and formulas of chemical compounds: Molecular and ionic compounds.
• Chemical Reactions: writing and balancing chemical equations. Calculations involving chemical formulas and equations. Avogadro’s number, the mole concept. Determination of chemical formulas, Stoichiometry.
• Gas Phase: Gas pressure and its measurement. The ideal gas law. Gas mixtures and partial pressure. The kinetic-molecular theory.
• Thermochemistry: Energy and its units. Heat and work. Enthalpy and heats of reaction. Thermochemical equations.
• Atomic Structure: Principles of quantum theory. Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers. Electron Spin and Pauli exclusion principle. Aufbau principle. Electron configurations of atoms. Hund’s rule. The periodic system of elements. Periodic trends of elements: Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity.
• Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding model. Covalent bonding model: properties, octet rule, Lewis dot structures. Delocalized bonds and resonance. Bond length, bond order and bond Energy. Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory and molecular shape. Molecular Geometry and molecular polarity. Valence Bond Theory and Orbital Ibridization, resonance, multiple bonds. Magnetic properties of molecules. Molecular orbital theory.
• Chemical Kinetics: Reaction Rates. Catalysis.
• Reactions and chemical equilibria: equilibrium state. Chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constant. Heterogeneous equilibria. Reaction conditions and the equilibrium state: Le Chatelier’s principle.
• Acid-base equilibria: Acid and base definitions according to Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis. Molecular structure and acid strength. Autoionization of water. Solution of strong acids or strong bases. The pH scale. Ionization equilibria of a weak acid or a weak base. Hydrolysis. Buffer solutions.
