GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

General Module

Course Sheet

Course code:

TL12A55B

Academic Year of enrolment:

2023

Year of supply:

2023/2024

Type of Course:

Basic

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Disciplinary Sector:

General Pathology

Is part of:

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 4

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Professor and Collaborators:

REALE Marcella

Cycle:

Second semester

Obligatory attendance:

Yes

Hours of classroom activity:

Individual study hours:

Prerequisites:

Prerequisites required by the core curriculum of CdS.
Adequate preparatory knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, histology and biochemistry, acquired in the respective basic courses, is strictly recommended.

Objectives

The aims of the course are to provide students with the basic knowledge of general pathology and immunology, preliminary to the study of the other disciplines which are part of the core curriculum. At the end of the course, the student must have detailed knowledge:
1) of the etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms of human diseases also in relation to the most common laboratory tests
2) of the mechanisms of cellular adaptation, apoptosis, necrosis and stress.
3) the clinical relevance of immunology, the principles of immunological techniques for application in quantitative and diagnostic evaluations.
4) mechanisms of acute and chronic inflammation; and healing of tissue lesions
5) mechanisms of the chemical, physical and biological carcinogenesis and neoplastic molecular progression up to the metastatic diffusion.
for the application to laboratory diagnostics.
The student will also be able to collect, read and interpret data useful to build an independent judgment on the main topics pertinent to the discipline.

Contents

General etiology: concept of disease, etiology and pathogenesis. The causes of diseases such as alterations of organs and tissues. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease. Environmental pathology: pathology caused by physical agents (heat, radiation), chemicals (acids and bases) and biological (pathogens) of the oral cavity.
- Cellular responses to microenvironment change: cellular adaptation
-Inflammation: acute inflammation; chronic inflammation; Granulomas, systemic phenomena of inflammation, fever.
-Healing of tissue lesions: regeneration and repair.
- Immunology and immunopathology of the oral cavity: the organization of the immune system. Natural and acquired immunity: mechanisms of humoral and cellular immunity (antibodies, antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, complement).
Immunopathological reactions: hypersensitivity and autoimmunity
-Oncology: Characteristics of benign and malignant tumor. Definition of oncogenes, and oncosuppressor genes. Tumor growth biology: growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, progression, invasive growth and metastasis.
Chemical carcinogenesis: carcinogens and their cellular interaction, phases of carcinogenesis.

Extended Syllabus

General etiology and pathogenesis: Causes of disease. Pathologies from Radiation, electric currents, thermal energy. free radicals.
- cellular adaptation and alterations in cell growth: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, aplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia.
- Cell damage: reversible and irreversible
-Cell death. Necrosis, Apoptosis, Autophagy
- Organization of the immune system: Phenotypic, morphological and functional characteristics of cellular components, and soluble mediators of innate immunity and specific immunity.
-Innate immunity: physical barriers, cells that participate in the innate response. Receptor systems for the recognition of pathogens. effector mechanisms of innate immunity; Phagocytosis.
-Inflammatory process: Inflammation as a defensive process. Definition. Causes of inflammation. angiophlogosis and histophlogosis. Signs and phases of acute inflammation. Cells of the inflammatory process. Chemical mediators (Complement: activation pathways and its biological functions, histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines). Vascular modifications. Exudates: types and composition, diversity from transudates. Diapedesis. Chemotaxis. Classification of acute inflammations (serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, necrotic-hemorrhagic,). Evolution of inflammatory outbreaks. Chronic inflammation. Granulomas: types. Systemic manifestations of the inflammatory process (acute phase proteins, leukocytosis, ESR, fever, endogenous and exogenous pyrogens, morphology of thermal curves; organic and metabolic changes in fever). Resolution of inflammation. Regeneration and connective reintegration. Wound healing.
-Specific immunity: Antigens, definition, hapten concept, epitope, immunogenicity.
Antibodies: structure and classes. Genetic basis of the Ig structure. Molecular mechanisms underlying antibody diversity. Clonal selection theory. Antigen-antibody reaction: valence, affinity and avidity
lymphocyte populations: stages of maturation of B and T lymphocytes; Antigen recognition by lymphocytes: receptor for the antigen of B lymphocytes (BcR) and T lymphocytes (TcR) and the genetic basis of their structure.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Role in immune responses. Organization of class I and class II MHC genes. Structure, function, cellular distribution and regulation of the expression of class I and class II MHC molecules. Characteristics of the peptide-MHC interaction. Structural basis of the binding of peptides to MHC molecules. Processing and presentation of the antigen to T lymphocytes
Activation of B and T lymphocytes: phases of activation; effector mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated specific immunity. Differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes into TH1, TH2 and TH17 helper T lymphocyte (TH) subpopulations. Role of cytokines in the differentiation phase and in the functions of T effector subpopulations.
The rejection of transplants as an immune phenomenon
Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity (classification and pathogenetic mechanisms), autoimmunity (main organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases), immunodeficiencies (AIDS)
Functional study of the R.I.
-Oncology:
Definition of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Characteristics and biological behavior of the tumor cell.
Multiphase theory of carcinogenesis, Carcinogens.
Benign and malignant tumors.
Molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis. Immune surveillance: tumor specific antigens (TSTA, T antigens, embryonic antigens).

Recommended Bibliography

Pontieri G.M.. Elementi di Patologia Gen per i C.d.L. in professioni sanitarie. Piccin

Mak, Saunders: Fondamenti di Immunologia. Zanichelli
Per approfondimenti:

Robbins a cura di Cotran, Kumar, Collins. Le Basi Patologiche Delle Malattie. Elsevier.

Doan. Le basi dell'immunologia. Zanichelli

Teaching Methods

Knowledge will be acquired through single-issue lessons on all the topics of the course, with projection and discussion of illustrative slides.
During the course of some lessons there will be moments of discussion and
understanding of specific topics to facilitate the understanding and allow the development of links between the topics. The learning of some issues can also be implemented by consulting texts provided by the teacher

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

The evaluation will be done by oral examination. It consists of an interview with the teacher. The topics of the interview will be listed in the Extended Syllabus Program.
The student must demonstrate the adequate knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms for the maintenance and restoration of cellular and tissue homeostasis following the damage caused by chemical, physical and biological agents; the main functional strategies and structural and molecular mechanisms responsible for immune recognition of the signs of damage and infection; the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the main cell populations responsible of different phases of immune responses; the main physiopathological mechanisms underlying the alterations of the immune response; the molecular and cellular bases of the acute, chronic and reparative phlogistic response; the mechanisms of chemical, physical and biological carcinogenesis and the molecular neoplastic progression and metastatic diffusion.
The interview is aimed at evaluating the ability to use appropriate medical and scientific terminology and critical synthesis of the topics.
At the end of the test, the teacher will formulate an opinion expressed in voting ranges and in marks out of thirty. The recording of the tests takes place through an electronic procedure in accordance with the methods indicated in Article 29 of the Administrative Careers Regulation.
Rated 30 - 30 cum laude: Excellent knowledge and understanding of the topics, reasoning skills and logical integration of the acquired knowledge, strong aptitude to make connections between different topics; excellent synthesis skills e. The student, who has achieved this evaluation, demonstrates autonomy of judgment, high communication skills and autonomous learning skills, will be offered praise.
Rating 27 - 29: Good knowledge and understanding of the topics with marginal and not serious gaps. Good ability to integrate logic and judgment. Mastery of scientific language;
Rating 23 - 26: Fair knowledge and understanding of the topics moderated in depth and, some gaps, in the ability to integrate and apply knowledge. significant mastery of scientific language
Rating 20 - 22: Knowledge and understanding of the fully sufficient arguments, little in-depth analysis, obvious gaps, which are reflected in a reduced capacity for integration, logic and application. Acceptable mastery of scientific language
Rating 18 - 19: Knowledge and understanding of the superficial arguments and with serious and obvious gaps. Sufficient knowledge to sustain a coherent dialogue but with poor integrative and applicative skills, but which also allow the passing of the exam.

Contacts/More Information

the partecipation to the lessons and the acquisition of the frequency signature is mandatory for the final exam, in compliance with the prerequisites.
The teachers are available for clarification to the students by appointment From Monday to Friday 10.00-12.00.
N.P.D., Edificio C, III livello.
Phone: 0871 3554029 E-mail:mreale@unich.it

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree