BIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

OST11A22

Academic Year of enrolment:

2019

Year of supply:

2019/2020

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in MIDWIFERY

Moduls:

APPLIED BIOLOGY - 1 credits
HUMAN ANATOMY - 2 credits
HYSTOLOGY - 1 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

First semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

Istology modle
Basic knowledge of cell biology and biochemestry.
Applied biology module
The student is required to have a good knowledge of the basic concepts of chemistry, physics and biology of high school courses. To have completed the Additional Formation Offer (OFA) if indicated.

Objectives

Istology modle
Main objectives to be reached in the Histology module:
Knowledge the main structural and ultrastructural cells and tissues features related to their specific embryological derivation, using the specific language.
Applied biology module
a)Educating the student in the "critical method" and in the discussion through the description of experiments, heritage of the history of biology and genetics. b) To provide the student with a harmonious and "antidogmatic" vision of living beings, in which the common morphofunctional characteristics, their interactions and complementarities are outlined, from viruses to humans. c) Introduce the student to the techniques of biology and genetics, currently used in the clinic, molecular diagnostics and forensic medicin
Anatomy modle
Al termine del corso lo studente dovrà avere acquisito una rappresentazione tridimensionale del corpo umano, e nelle sue caratteristiche di superficie, e nella sua organizzazione interna. L’approccio sarà prevalentemente di tipo sistematico, basato cioè sullo studio dei singoli apparati e sistemi in cui può essere suddiviso il corpo umano e quindi degli organi e dei visceri che costituiscono detti sistemi ed apparati. Verranno allo stesso tempo fornite allo studente le nozioni di base per uno studio di tipo topografico dell’Anatomia Umana, prendendo in considerazione le grandi regioni del corpo così da valutare meglio i rapporti esistenti tra organi, visceri e dispositivi connettivali in ciascun territorio. Organi e visceri verranno considerati nelle loro caratteristiche strutturali macroscopiche e microscopiche così come appaiono dopo dissezione del cadavere, dopo esame radiologico e dopo osservazione di sezioni processate per la microscopia ottica. Quando necessario verranno presi anche in considerazioni gli aspetti ultrastrutturali. Le acquisizioni verranno infine integrate con elementi di anatomia funzionale e di anatomia clinica per evitare una visione troppo settoriale della materia.

Contents

Istology modle
Course contents provide the integrated knowledge of structural and ultrastructural morphology of different human tissues.
Applied biology module
1.Basic characteristics of living matter. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the general characteristics of the various living organs
- the choice of the existence of intracellular information, between cells and between multicellular individuals.
-the theory of evolution as a unifying concept of biology.
- the importance in hierarchical biology (classification system)
- the need for a continuous supply of energy in biological systems.
- the importance of acquiring a scientific method.

2. Fundamental characteristics of the topics and molecules concerning the basis of the chemistry of life. In particular, to be able to describe:
- of the molecules and their respective ability to interact (chemical bonds and molecular interactions).
- the importance of water for carrying out vital functions.
-the chemical-physical and biological properties of organic macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

3. Basic cellular features. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the importance of cell theory.
- how to study the cellular structure.
-the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- structure and function of cell organelles.
- structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
-structure and function of the extracellular matrix.

4. Basic features of biological membranes. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the structure and functions that regulate the interaction between cells.
- passive and active transport mechanisms.
-the role and the various forms of junctions between cells.

5. Fundamental characteristics of the flow of energy through living organisms. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the principles of thermodynamics applied to biological systems.
- the structure and functions of enzymes.
- anabolic and catabolic reactions.
- energy transfer: redox reactions.
- the metabolic pathways of energy release.
- the mechanisms of ATP production in aerobiosis and anaerobiosis.
- the regulation of cellular respiration.

6. Fundamental characteristics of the flow of genetic information in living organisms. In particular, to be able to describe:
- the structure and function of chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis.
-the DNA: a macromolecular depository of the genetic information of living matter.
-RNA and protein synthesis: mechanisms that regulate gene expression.
- gene regulation: control of the existence of genes.

7. Fundamental characteristics of the fundamental principles of systematics. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Viruses and bacteria (bacteriophages, lithic reproductive cycle, temperate viruses, animal and plant viruses, viroids and prions, archaea bacteria and eubacteria).
Anatomy modle
Starting from the INTRODUCTION TO SPLANCNOLOGY, the module deals with the study of the apparatuses and systems that make up the human body, with attention to the localization and relationships that the organs that make it take between them and with the surrounding structures hinting their functions.

Extended Syllabus

Istology modle
HSTOLOGY
- Cell structure
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Cellular organelles and cytoskeleton
- Extracellular matrix
- Cell junctions
- Active and passive transport mechanisms
- Cell cycle
- Epithelial tissue
- Exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelial tissue
- Connective tissues
- Cartilaginous tissue
- Bone tissue
- Hemopoietic and lymphatic tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Tissue embryological development: Stages of the life cycle - Gametogenesis - Development of the gonads - Spermatogenesis - Ovogenesis - Fertilization - Segmentation - Gastrulation - Embryonic sheets - fetus development.
- Oral cavity and tongue tissues and their embriological development.
Applied biology module
1. Introduction to the fundamental characteristics of living matter: in particular to know how to describe
-The general characteristics of the various living organisms
-The levels of biological organization
-The need for the existence of a flow of intracellular information between cells and between multicellular individuals.
-The theory of evolution as a unifying concept of biology.
-The importance in the biology of the hierarchical organization (classification system)
-The need for a continuous supply of energy in biological systems.
-The importance of acquiring a scientific method.
2. Fundamental characteristics of the atoms and molecules that form the basis of the chemistry of life. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Carbon atoms and organic molecules.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
-The proteins
- Nucleic acids
-The identification of biological molecules
3. Fundamental characteristics of the cellular organization. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The importance of cell theory.
-The study methods of cellular structure.
-The differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-Structure and function of the membrane nucleus and organelles.
- Structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
-Structure and function of the extracellular matrix.
4. Basic features of biological membranes. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The structure of biological membranes
-The functions of membrane proteins
- The permeability of the membrane
- Passive and active transport mechanisms.
- Exocytosis and endocytosis
-the role and the various forms of junctions between cells.
5. Key features of cellular communication. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Send signals
-Receiving
-Transduction of the signal
- Responses to signals
-The evolution of cellular communication.
6. Fundamental characteristics of the study of energy applied to metabolism. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Organic work
-The laws of thermodynamics
-Energy and Metabolism
-The ATP
-The structure and functions of enzymes.
7. The synthesis of ATP in cells. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Redox reactions
-The four stages of Aerobic Breathing
-The energy yield of nutrients other than glucose
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
8. Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes
-The cell cycle and mitosis
-The regulation of the cell cycle
- Sexual reproduction and meiosis
9. DNA as a depository molecule of genetic information. In particular, to be able to describe:
-The evidence that DNA is the hereditary material
- The DNA structure
- DNA replication
10. Gene expression. In particular, to be able to describe:
- Discovery of the gene-protein relationship.
-The flow of information from DNA to proteins: general
- The transcription
-Translation
- Mutations
-The variations of gene expression
11. Gene regulation. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Generality
-Gene regulation in prokaryotic cells
-Gene regulation in eukaryotic cells
12. Fundamental characteristics and the differences between living systems. In particular, to be able to describe:
-Viruses and subviral agents
- Virus Structure
- Virus classification
- Viral replication
- Viral diseases
- Virus Evolution
- Subviral agents
13. Bacteria and archaeabacteria
-The structure of bacteria and archaeobacteria
- Reproduction and evolution of prokaryotes
- Nutritional and metabolic adaptations
-The phylogeny of the two domains of prokaryotes
-The impact of the procarities on ecology, technology and commerce.
- Bacteria and diseases
Anatomy modle
Locomotor system
Overview, classification and structure of bones. In a general manner and classification of the joints. n a general manner classification of muscles and tendons. Head: bones of the cranial box, bones of the massive facial. Trunk: vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx). Chest (ribs and sternum). Scapular girdle (scapula and clavicle) and scapulo-humeral articulation. Upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus and phalanges). Pelvic girdle (ileum, ischio and pubis) and coxo-femoral joint. Lower limb (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsal and phalanges) and knee joint
Endocrine system
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal: in a general manner.
Central nervous system
In a general manner: systematic, topographic, clinical radiological anatomy Spinal cord. Encephalous (brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon)
Peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic System: Orthosympathetic and Parasympathetic
Cardiocirculatory system
Heart: location and topography. Structure and function of the valves. Functional anatomy of the circulatory system: arteries, veins and capillaries. The small circulation and the great circulation. Aorta and its primary branches of division.
Lymphatic system:
general characteristics of the lymphatic circulation. Lymph node stations of the head, neck, thorax, upper limb and lower limb. Main lymphatic trunks. Lymph nodes. Spleen: form, position, relationships and structure.
Respiratory system
Nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and pulmonary parenchyma. Pleure and respiratory mechanics
Digestive system
Vestibule of the mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine. Liver and biliary ways. Pancreas.
Urinary apparatus
Kidney, calyxes and renal pelvis. Ureters. Urinary bladder. Male and female urethra.
Male Genital System
Testicles. Spermatic ways. External genital organs.
Female Genital Apparatus
Ovary. Genital ways. External genital organs.
Endocrine system
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal: in a general manner.

Recommended Bibliography

Istology modle
P. Carinci - E. Gaudio - G. Marinozzi. ANATOMIA UMANA E ISTOLOGIA. ElsevierL.P:Gartner- J.L. Hiatt -ISTOLOGIA EdiSES
Ross MH-ISTOLOGIA_ Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
Adamo S et al. -ISTOLOGIA Ed Piccin
Applied biology module
Solomon et al. Biology, Edises Editor, VII Edition 2017
Anatomy modle
F.H. Martini . ANATOMIA UMANA. EdiSES

Teaching Methods

Istology modle
Frontal lessons;
Laboratory practice;
Individual study.
Applied biology module
Lectures with compulsory attendance.
Anatomy modle
Frontal lessons stimulating interactivity through classroom discussion of the topics addressed.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

the multiple choice test is composed of 45 questions proportionally distributed for the 3 modules: applied biology 15, human anatomy 15 and histology 15. Essential requirement to pass the exam is to answer at least 50% of the questions of each single module . the vote is calculated by multiplying the number of correct answers for each individual module by two and calculating the weighted average. The questions are prepared by the teacher during the academic year of reference.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree