Definition of drug; development of medicines; generic drugs and brand name drugs; Biological and biosimilar drugs;
Pharmacokinetics: mechanisms of transport across biological membranes; main routes of drug administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.
Bioavailability, blood-brain barrier, placental barrier, volume of distribution, therapeutic range, dose-effect and dose-response curves, therapeutic index, plasma half-life.
Characteristics of ocular routes of drug administration, blood-ocular barrier, ocular formulations.
Pharmacodynamics: drug-receptor interactions, classification of receptors, main signal transduction pathways; receptor agonists and antagonists, potency, intrinsic activity, and maximum efficacy of a drug; receptor regulation: up-regulation, down-regulation, and desensitization.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID); glucocorticoids;
Chemotherapy of microbial disease in the eye: general consideration, antibacterial agents and antiviral agents. Drugs used for the treatment of glaucoma.
Autonomic agents used in ophthalmology; miotics, mydriatics, and cycloplegics;
Local anesthetics;
Histamine H1-receptor antagonists, and ocular decongestants.