BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Single discipline educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

TO0014

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2021/2022

Type of Course:

Characterising

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in INGEGNERIA BIOMEDICA

Disciplinary Sector:

Science and Technology of Materials

Location:

PESCARA

Credits:

Programme Year:

Professor and Collaborators:

FRALEONI MORGERA ALESSANDRO

Cycle:

Second semester

Hours of classroom activity:

Individual study hours:

102

Objectives

The science and technology of biomaterials are highly multidisciplinary topics, crossing chemistry, physics, biology and engineering to allow the creation of devices and objects suitable for integration with the human and animal body in general, as well as to open new avenues in terms of tissue engineering and study of diseases. The field of biomaterials is also subject to a very rapid and sometimes surprising development, which continuously generates new paths and often forces to rethink old concepts and protocols.

In this context, the educational objectives of the course are to provide students with a basic preparation useful to be able to follow, once they enter the job market, scientific and technological developments in the field, so as to remain at the forefront of the industry and operate at best in the field of design, innovation and development of materials production. In particular, the course will provide knowledge and skills useful to
to identify and understand the types of biomaterials most commonly used and their properties, as well as their main applications. It will also provide notions related to the sustainability of biomaterials in terms of not only environmental, but also economic, social and long-term availability.

D1 - Knowledge and understanding
The student, at the end of the course, will be able to know and recognize the main types of biomaterials used in bioengineering, their properties (especially mechanical) and their main applications.
mechanical) and their main applications.
D2 - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to apply the acquired knowledge by
selecting the appropriate materials for the different applications that will be defined, and motivate his choices on the basis of chemical, physical and functional characteristics of the selected materials and of the defined application.
D3 - Autonomy of judgment
The student will be able to evaluate the properties of the various biomaterials with respect to their intended use, demonstrating an understanding of the rational basis for the use of a material rather than its analogue, in the face of adequate information on the type and mode of use of the same (for example, understand when it is necessary to use a ceramic-coated hip prosthesis rather than a bare metal one).
D4 - Communication skills
The student will be able to describe the mechanical and/or structural and/or functional characteristics of the various materials treated, and to effectively communicate the physical, chemical and biological bases underlying these mechanical/structural/functional properties.
D5 - Learning ability
The student will be able to interpret and use technical manuals to make selections of components or specific applications, and to acquire in an autonomous and reasoned way information on innovative biomaterials, inserting these new notions in his cultural background.

Contents

- Generalities about biomaterials
- Effects of biomaterials on the body
- Applications of biomaterials in internal, external and extracorporeal implants
- Classification of biomaterials
- Main regulations, national and international
- Extracellular matrix
- Host organism response to materials foreign to the organism
- Host organism/biomaterial interface and related issues
- Focus on specific biomaterials (polymers, metals, bioceramics, bioglass, composites, turbostratic carbon, innovative biomaterials such as graphene, nanofibers, nanocomposites)
- Biomaterials derived from living organisms and their applications
- Surface modification techniques of biomaterials
- Notes on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
- Notes on Biomaterials for artificial organs

Extended Syllabus

- Generalities on biomaterials: definitions, history, uses, economic and social relevance
- Effects of biomaterials on the body: potential (treatment, maintenance, enhancement, diagnostics) and problems (rejection, carcinogenicity, toxicity, pyrogenicity, etc.)
- Applications of biomaterials in internal, external and extracorporeal implantation
- Practical examples of biomaterials applications: stents, hip implants, screws for bone fixation, orthodontic prosthetic systems, mandibular reconstructions
- Classification of biomaterials with respect to living organisms: shape-preserving biostable, swellable biostable, biodegradable, bioabsorbable
- Classification of biomaterials (metals, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, biomaterials derived from organisms, bioceramics, bioglass, composites)
- Current methods of international classification of biomaterials and main regulations
- Extracellular matrix
- Host organism response (stages of inflammation, timing of development, problems generated)
- Main characteristics of the host organism/biomaterial interface and related issues (inflammation, durability, preservation of function, etc)
- Polymers: generalities (definition of polymer, linear/branched/crosslinked polymers, copolymers, molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic polymers)
- Biostable polymers: generalities and characteristics for use as biomaterials (biocompatibility, ease of procurement, cost)
- Examples of biocompatible biostable polymers:
- Polyethylene: low, medium, high and ultra-high density - Characteristics and applications
- Polypropylene: Features and Applications
- Polymethylmethacrylate: Characteristics and applications
- Polyamides: Features and Applications
- Polyether-ether-ketone: Features and applications
- Polyvinyl chlorides: Features and applications
- Rubbers and latex (both synthetic and natural): Features and applications
- Polyurethanes: Features and applications
- Biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers: generalities and characteristics for use as biomaterials (usefulness, problems generated, costs, quality of life)
- Polymer degradation kinetics
- Massive erosion and surface erosion
- Molecular mechanics and chemical phenomena (hydrolysis, autocatalysis) of erosion in vitro and in vivo
- Main parameters governing the rate of erosion (molecular weight, acidity, crystallinity, etc.)
- Examples of biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers:
- Synthetic polymers: Characteristics and desirability of their use, issues
- Polyesters: Characteristics and applications
- Polylactic acid: Characteristics and applications
- Polyglycolic acid: Characteristics and applications
- Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid): Characteristics and applications
- Polydioxanone: Features and applications
- Polycaprolactone: Features and applications
- Synthetic hydrogels: Features and applications
- Natural polymers: Characteristics and desirability of their use, issues
- Chitins and chitosan: Characteristics and applications
- Alginates: Characteristics and applications
- Collagen: Features and applications
- Hyaluronic acid: Features and applications
- Dextran: Features and applications
- Natural hydrogels: Features and applications
- Metallic biomaterials: generalities and characteristics (stability, structural properties, production peculiarities, biostable and biodegradable metallic biomaterials)
- Main applications of metallic biomaterials: morphology (compacts, networks, foams), practical issues (biocompatibility, debris, thrombi, release),
- Examples of biostable metal biomaterials:
- Stainless steels: Characteristics and applications
- Cobalt alloys: Haynes, Stelliti, Vitallium; Features and applications
- Titanium alloys: Characteristics and applications
- Zirconium-Niobium alloys: Characteristics and applications
- Nickel-Titanium alloys: Characteristics and applications
- Dental alloys (gold, amalgam, etc.): Characteristics and applications
- Examples of biodegradable metal biomaterials:
- Magnesium-based: Characteristics and applications
- Zinc-based: Features and applications
- Iron-based: Features and applications
- Metal foams: fabrication, mechanical and functional characteristics, examples of applications.
- Metallic biomaterials for implantable electrodes: gold, platinum, platinum-iridium
- Ceramic biomaterials: generalities and characteristics (stability, structural properties, production peculiarities, biostable and biodegradable ceramics)
- Biostable, biodegradable and bioactive ceramics
- Examples of biostable ceramic biomaterials:
- Alumina: Characteristics and applications
- Zirconia: Characteristics and applications
- Titania: characteristics and applications
- Feldspar porcelain: Characteristics and applications
- Titanium Nitride: Features and Applications
- Zirconium Nitride: Features and Applications
- Silicon Nitride: Features and Applications
- Examples of biodegradable/bioabsorbable ceramic biomaterials
- Hydroxyapatite: Features and Applications
- Dicalcium Phosphate Hydrate: Features and Applications
- Tricalcium phosphate: Features and applications
- Bioglass: generalities and characteristics (stability, structural properties, mechanism of biodegradability)
- Bioactive silicates: Characteristics, absorption mechanisms and applications
- Osteoproductive and osteoconductive bioglass
- Melt and sol-gel bioglass
- Applications of bioglass
- Carbonaceous biomaterials: generalities and characteristics (composition, preparation, biocompatibility)
- Turbostratic carbon: characteristics and applications
- Vitreous carbon: characteristics and applications
- Biomaterials derived from living organisms: generalities and characteristics (types, peculiarities, rejection, variability, availability)
- Examples of applications of biomaterials derived from living organisms:
- Animal biological tissues for valve prostheses
- Autologous skin grafts
- Autologous, homologous, heterologous bone grafts
- Composite biomaterials: generalities and characteristics (types, functional characteristics, applications)
- Examples of composite biomaterials:
- Cermets: characteristics and applications
- Ceramic polymers: Features and applications
- Polymers-metals: Features and applications
- Advanced biomaterials (graphene, nanofibers and nanocomposites): overview
- Surface modification techniques of biomaterials
- Physical treatments: plasma, corona, ionizing radiation
- Chemical treatments: oxidation, acid and basic treatments, functionalization
- Notes on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
- Notes on Biomaterials for artificial organs

Recommended Bibliography

Biomaterials Science - 4th edition
Editors: William Wagner Shelly Sakiyama-Elbert, Guigen Zhang Michael Yaszemski
Academic Press (Elsevier), 2020
eBook ISBN: 9780128161388
Hardcover ISBN: 9780128161371

Biomateriali. Dalla scienza dei materiali alle applicazioni cliniche
C. Di Bello, A. Bagno
Ed. Patron, 2016
ISBN/EAN: 9788855533324

Classes notes

Methods of Provision

Conventional

Teaching Methods

Classes in person if allowed by the COVID situation; otherwise classes via Microsoft Teams.

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

- If the COVID situation allows:
live written exams, plus possible oral exams for students slightly below the 18 mark, or who wants to increase their mark after the written exam(s).
In more detail, there will be two pathways:
a) three partial exams, each one focusing on a partial part of the course program, with multiple choice questions; the students that will have received marks ≥18 in all the three partial exams will have the choice to keep the average mark of the three partial exams without further verification, or to have an integrative oral exam for receiving a higher mark: the students with average mark between 14 and 17 will have to undergo the oral exam anyway; the students who will not have held all the three partial exams will have to undergo to the b) pathway. The partial exams will be held only during the course (not after the end of the classes period).
b) one single written exam, dealing with the whole course program: with a mark ≥ 18 it will be possible to record the exam with that mark, or to undergo an oral exam to increase the final mark, at the choice of the student; with the mark between 14 and 17 the student will have to undergo the oral exam; with marks <14, the exam is failed.
- If the COVID situation does not allow to hold live exams, the foreseen partial written exams and/or final written exam and the related oral ones will be held in online mode, via Microsoft Teams, with the same guidelines above depicted for the live exams.

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

Aree