HUMAN ANATOMY AND APPLIED BIOLOGY

Integrated educational activity

Course Sheet

Course code:

TE204

Academic Year of enrolment:

2020

Year of supply:

2020/2021

Degree:

Course of 1st Cycle Degree in SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

Moduls:

HUMAN ANATOMY - 6 credits
APPLIED BIOLOGY - 6 credits

Location:

CHIETI

Credits:

Programme Year:

Cycle:

Second semester

Obligatory attendance:

Yes

Hours of classroom activity:

Prerequisites:

The biology course does not provide prerequisites. Nevertheless, to be able to follow with profit, basic knowledge of biochemistry and cell biology is required
For the anatomy course, the student will have to know the organization of the eukaryotic cell, the structure and function of the different organelles and the processes of replication, cellular respiration and protein synthesis and the different cell types with relative peculiarities and specialization. To access the test it is necessary to have passed the Animal Biology

Objectives

The aim of the biology course is to acquire knowledge at the molecular and cellular level of biological systems. Following the participation in the lectures, the discussions held in class during the lessons and the exam, the student is expected to acquire the ability to understand the topics covered, to process the information, to communicate them in a clear way and come to own judgments.

The objective of the anatomy course is the acquisition of basic knowledge of Topographic, Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy of the thoraco-abdominal viscera and the nervous system with particular reference to the morpho-functional aspects, as well as the formation and development of the human embryo

Contents

Composition of living matter.

Living organisms.

Components of the prokaryotic cell.

Components of the eukaryotic cell.

Energy metabolism.

Elements of Genetics.

Ecosystems

Macroscopic and Microscopic anatomy of
Endocrine apparatus
Osteoarticular apparatus
Muscular apparatus
Blood circulatory apparatus
Lymphatic system
Respiratory apparatus
Excretory apparatus
Digestive apparatus
Reproductive apparatus
Peritoneum.
Nervous system
Human embryology

Extended Syllabus

Microscopic anatomy of the tissues
- Epithelial tissue: epithelia, exocrine and endocrine glands.
- Connective tissue, cartilage, bone tissue, haematopoietic tissue, blood, limph, lymphoid tissue.
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue

Endocrine apparatus
Osteoarticular apparatus: skull, vertebral column, rib cage, pelvis. Classification and structure of joints.
Muscular apparatus: Diaphragm, muscles of the anterlateral abdominal wall. Inguinal duct. Urogenital diaphgram.
Blood circulatory apparatus: heart, pulmonary and system circulations. Inferior and superior vena cava, portal vein, azygos veins.
Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessel structure, thoracic duct, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.
Peritoneum.
Respiratory apparatus: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Pleura. Alveolus.
Excretory apparatus: kydneys, ureters, bladder, male and female uretra, nephron.
Digestive apparatus: oral cavity, main salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anal canal. Liver, pancreas and gall bladder.
Male reproductive apparatus: testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles.
Female reproductive apparatus: ovary, fallopian tubes, ovary, uterus.
Human embryology: male and female gametogenesis, fecundation, segmentation, gastrulation, embryo development.
Nervous system: central nervous system, spinal cord, enceflaic nerve nuclei, reticular formation. Encefalic circulation. Meninges and liquoral circulation. Nods on spinal and cranic nerves. Lymbic system, autonomous nervous system.

Composition of living matter: Biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids .
Living organisms: Characteristics of living organisms. The kingdoms of living organisms. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Virus: structure, replication and types. Viroids and prions.
Components of the prokaryotic cell: cell wall, flagella, cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material. Bacteria: composition , movement, reproduction ( binary fission, transformation, conjugation, transduction), metabolism.
Components of the eukaryotic cell: cytoplasmic organelles (rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes) and the nucleus (nuclear pores, nucleolus and chromatin). Cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Cell junctions (desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions).
Structure and function of biological membranes. Cell-environment interactions. Mechanisms of transport across the membrane: simple and facilitated diffusion, active transport and passive (sodium-potassium pump), exocytosis and endocytosis. Receptor-mediated endocytosis. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones and peptide hormones (second messengers and signal transduction). DNA double-helix structure and replication. Various levels of organization of DNA in the cell: nuclear chromatin and chromosome structure. Eukaryotic gene structure. RNA: structure, function and types. Transcription and RNA processing. Genetic code. Protein synthesis. Gene regulation in prokaryotes (lactose operon and tryptophan operon). Gene regulation in eukaryotes. Genes and development. Cell differentiation and nuclear equivalence. The genetic control of development.
Energy metabolism:
The cell and energy. The flow of energy. Metabolic reactions. Role of ATP and cellular work. Energy metabolism. Cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Photosynthesis.
Elements of Genetics: Cell cycle and its regulation. Mitosis and Meiosis stages and differences. Mendel's laws: dominance, segregation of alleles, independent assortment of alleles. Concept of the gene, locus, allele, genotype and phenotype. Extensions of Mendelian genetics. Mode of transmission of characters (autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked ).
Ecosystems: population and community ecology. Ecosystems and the biosphere.

Recommended Bibliography

"Elementi di Biologia"
E.P. Solomon, L.R. Berg, D.W.Martin.
EdiSES casa editrice

• M.Artico et al., ANATOMIA UMANA –PRINCIPI – EDI- ERMES;
• Martini Timmons – ANATOMIA UMANA – EdiSES;
• Bentivoglio et al. Anatomia Umana e Istologia Ed Minerva Medica
• KS Saladin, ANATOMIA UMANA – Piccin

Teaching Methods

The biology course is carried out through classroom lectures, taking into consideration the topics of the program. Classroom lectures include slides, which are then provided to students for study. The teacher receives the students by appointment, for personalized clarifications.
The anatomy course is carried with:
Lesson: power point presentation including anatomical drawings and pictures from corpses for topoghaphic and macroscopic anatomy, and pictures of optic and elctronic microscopy slides for microscopic anatomy.
Use of microscpic anatomy websites and on the Visible Body 3D, available on the digital library of our University.
Practical exercitations on anatomical models (for macroscopic anatomy) and slides of biological samples (for microscopic anatomy)

Evaluation methods

Verification of learning:

The exam of biology module is in oral form on topics of teaching program.
During the oral exam the student's ability to expose and explain the topics covered during the lessons will be assessed.
In assigning the final score, which will be expressed out of thirty with possible honors, the knowledge of the topics covered, critical and communication skills will be taken into account.
During the Anatomy course an intermediate examination is scheduled for the students of the first year, consisting in three questions. A further oral examination (three questions on the remaining part of the program) is planned for each of call examination . The final score is the average of the score obtained in the two steps.
If the stepwise examination is not passed, an oral examination on 5 items has to be taken during one of the call examination.

Contacts/More Information

Office hours from Monday to Friday (by appointment)

Università degli Studi
"G. d'Annunzio"

Chieti - Pescara

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