The chemistry of life:
- Atoms and carbon molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
The organization of the cell:
- Cell theory
- The organization and size of the cell
- Cell study methods
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- The cell nucleus
- The cytoplasmic organelles provided with a membrane
- The cytoskeleton
- Cellular coatings
Biological membranes:
- The structure of biological membranes
- The passage of materials through biological membranes
- Passive transport
- Active transport
- Exocytosis and endocytosis
- Cellular junctions
Cell communication:
- Cellular signaling: an overview
- Sending signals
- Reception
- Signal transduction
- Responses to signals
- The evolution of cellular communication
Cell energy processes:
- Biological work
- The laws of thermodynamics
- Energy and metabolism
- ATP, energy currency of the cell
- The energy transfer in redox reactions
- Enzymes
The processes of aerobiosis and cellular anaerobiosis:
- Redox reaction
- The four stages of aerobic respiration
- The energy yield of nutrients other than glucose
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
The structure of the chromosomes and the processes of mitosis and meiosis:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes
- The cell cycle and mitosis
- Cell cycle regulation
- Sexual reproduction and meiosis
DNA structure and replication:
- Evidence showing that DNA is the hereditary material
- The structure of DNA
- DNA replication
The gene expression:
- The discovery of the gene-protein relationship
- Information flow from DNA to proteins: an overview
- The transcription
- Translation
- Variation of gene expression in different organisms
- The concept of mutation
The mechanisms of gene regulation:
- Gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes: an overview
- Gene regulation in bacteria
- Gene regulation in eukaryotic cells
Development and differentiation:
- Cell differentiation and nuclear equivalence
- Biological control of development
Viruses and subviral agents:
- Status and structure of viruses
- Virus classification
- Viral replication
-Viruses and diseases
- Virus evolution
- Subviral agents
Bacteria and archaeobacteria:
-The structure of bacteria and archaeobacteria
- Reproduction and evolution of prokaryotes
- Nutritional and metabolic adaptations
-The phylogeny of the two prokaryotic domains
-The impact of prokaryotes on the environment, on technology and on the economy
- Bacteria and illness
The principles of immunity:
-The evolution of immune responses
- Non-specific immune responses in vertebrates
- Specific immune responses in vertebrates
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Antibody-mediated immunity
- Response to diseases, deficits, and harmful reactions
The principles of endocrine regulation:
- An overview of endocrine regulation
- The different types of endocrine signaling
- Mechanisms of action of hormones
- The endocrine system of vertebrates
Reproduction:
- Asexual and sexual reproduction
- Human reproduction in the male
- Human reproduction in the female
- Fertilization
